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A 9 Statements

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Learning objectives​

  • Explain the main ideas and vocabulary in A 9 Statements.
  • Work through the source examples for A 9 Statements without depending on raw chunk order.
  • Use A 9 Statements as selective reference when learner modules point back to The C Programming Language.

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  • module-01-c-programming-fundamentals

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Source-of-truth note​

This unit is anchored to The C Programming Language and the source chapter "A 9 Statements". Use external resources only to clarify, extend, or modernize details without replacing the chapter's conceptual spine.

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Source provenance​

  • Primary source: The C Programming Language
  • Source chapter: A 9 Statements
  • Raw source file: 072-a-9-statements.md

Merged source​

A 9 Statements​

A.9 Statements

Except as described, statements are executed in sequence. Statements are executed for their effect, and do not have values. They fall into several groups.

statement:

labeled-statement expression-statement compound-statement selection-statement iteration-statement jump-statement

A.9.1 Labeled Statements

Statements may carry label prefixes.

labeled-statement:

identifier:statement caseconstant-expression:statement default :statement

A label consisting of an identifier declares the identifier. The only use of an identifier label is as a target ofgoto. The scope of the identifier is the current function. Because labels have their own name space, they do not interfere with other identifiers and cannot be redeclared. See

Par.A.11.1.

Case labels and default labels are used with the switchstatement (Par.A.9.4). The constant expression ofcasemust have integral type.

Labels themselves do not alter the flow of control.

A.9.2 Expression Statement

Most statements are expression statements, which have the form expression-statement:

expressionopt;

Most expression statements are assignments or function calls. All side effects from the expression are completed before the next statement is executed. If the expression is missing, the construction is called a null statement; it is often used to supply an empty body to an iteration statement to place a label.

A.9.3 Compound Statement

So that several statements can be used where one is expected, the compound statement (also called ``block'') is provided. The body of a function definition is a compound statement.

compound-statement:

{declaration-listopt statement-listopt }

declaration-list:

declaration

declaration-list declaration statement-list:

statement-list statement

If an identifier in the declaration-list was in scope outside the block, the outer declaration is suspended within the block (see Par.A.11.1), after which it resumes its force. An identifier may be declared only once in the same block. These rules apply to identifiers in the same name space (Par.A.11); identifiers in different name spaces are treated as distinct.

Initialization of automatic objects is performed each time the block is entered at the top, and proceeds in the order of the declarators. If a jump into the block is executed, these initializations are not performed. Initialization of static objects are performed only once, before the program begins execution.

A.9.4 Selection Statements

Selection statements choose one of several flows of control.

selection-statement:

if(expression) statement
if(expression) statementelsestatement
switch(expression) statement

In both forms of theifstatement, the expression, which must have arithmetic or pointer type, is evaluated, including all side effects, and if it compares unequal to 0, the first substatement is executed. In the second form, the second substatement is executed if the expression is 0. The elseambiguity is resolved by connecting an elsewith the last encountered else-less ifat the same block nesting level.

Theswitchstatement causes control to be transferred to one of several statements depending on the value of an expression, which must have integral type. The substatement controlled by a switchis typically compound. Any statement within the substatement may be labeled with one or more case labels (Par.A.9.1). The controlling expression undergoes integral promotion (Par.A.6.1), and the case constants are converted to the promoted type. No two of these case constants associated with the same switch may have the same value after conversion. There may also be at most one defaultlabel associated with a switch. Switches may be nested; a caseordefaultlabel is associated with the smallest switch that contains it.

When theswitchstatement is executed, its expression is evaluated, including all side effects, and compared with each case constant. If one of the case constants is equal to the value of the expression, control passes to the statement of the matched case label. If no case constant matches the expression, and if there is adefaultlabel, control passes to the labeled statement.

If no case matches, and if there is no default, then none of the substatements of the swtich is executed.

In the first edition of this book, the controlling expression ofswitch, and the case constants, were required to haveinttype.

A.9.5 Iteration Statements

Iteration statements specify looping.

iteration-statement:

while(expression) statement
dostatementwhile(expression);
for(expressionopt;expressionopt;expressionopt) statement

In the whileanddostatements, the substatement is executed repeatedly so long as the value of the expression remains unequal to 0; the expression must have arithmetic or pointer type.

With while, the test, including all side effects from the expression, occurs before each execution of the statement; withdo, the test follows each iteration.

In theforstatement, the first expression is evaluated once, and thus specifies initialization for the loop. There is no restriction on its type. The second expression must have arithmetic or pointer type; it is evaluated before each iteration, and if it becomes equal to 0, the for is terminated. The third expression is evaluated after each iteration, and thus specifies a reinitialization for the loop. There is no restriction on its type. Side-effects from each expression are completed immediately after its evaluation. If the substatement does not containcontinue, a statement

for(expression1;expression2;expression3) statement

is equivalent to

expression1;
while (expression2) {
statement
expression3;
}

Any of the three expressions may be dropped. A missing second expression makes the implied test equivalent to testing a non-zero element.

A.9.6 Jump statements

Jump statements transfer control unconditionally.

jump-statement:

gotoidentifier;
continue;
break;
returnexpressionopt;

In thegotostatement, the identifier must be a label (Par.A.9.1) located in the current function.

Control transfers to the labeled statement.

Acontinuestatement may appear only within an iteration statement. It causes control to pass to the loop-continuation portion of the smallest enclosing such statement. More precisely, within each of the statements

while (...) { do { for (...) {

... ... ...

contin: ; contin: ; contin: ;
} } while (...); }

acontinuenot contained in a smaller iteration statement is the same asgoto contin.

Abreak statement may appear only in an iteration statement or a switch statement, and terminates execution of the smallest enclosing such statement; control passes to the statement following the terminated statement.

A function returns to its caller by the return statement. When return is followed by an expression, the value is returned to the caller of the function. The expression is converted, as by assignment, to the type returned by the function in which it appears.

Flowing off the end of a function is equivalent to a return with no expression. In either case, the returned value is undefined.